Teacher instructing Hmong students in American presidential history at Lao Family Community Center, Young Men’s Christian Association, St. Paul, ca. 1980s.

Otto Werner, a member of the New Ulm National Guard, teaches English to Southeast Asian refugees, ca. 1974.

Certificate of naturalization issued by the US Department of Justice to Swedish immigrant Swan Victor Anderson of Duluth, 1950.

A teacher instructs students during a naturalization class at the International Institute, St. Paul, 1940.

English class for Spanish-speaking women held in St. Paul, 1930s. The class was organized by the Works Progress Administration’s adult education department.

Finnish woman and child on the Iron Range, ca. 1925.

Immigrants taking oath of citizenship, Minneapolis Council of Americanization, 1925.

Letter written by Finnish immigrant Bert Aalto (Big Falls, Minnesota) to Hilma Aerila (Laitila, Finland), August 26, 1911.

Iimmigration cartoon by Joseph Ferdinand Keppler printed in Puck magazine 32 (January 11, 1893). Its caption reads, “Looking Backward. They would close to the new-comer the bridge that carried them and their fathers over.”

Quong Long, the owner and operator of a Chinese laundry in Red Wing, ca. 1883.