Native Americans | Page 41

Natalie Graham

Natalie Graham, Ernest Wabasha’s paternal grandmother, undated. Used with the permission of Cheyanne St. John.

Ernest Wabasha of Lower Sioux Indian Community, recognized hereditary chief of the Mdewakanton band of Dakota, in Redwood Falls, Minnesota, ca. 1999–2001. Photograph by David’s Photography, Redwood Falls. Used with the permission of Cheyanne St. John.

Wabasha, Ernest Reginald (1929–2013)

Ernest Reginald Wabasha, also known as Caŋku waste waŋ ohna ya (He Travels a Good Road), was a sixth-generation hereditary chief in a long-established Dakota chieftainship. Through repatriation efforts and tribal leadership initiatives, he worked to re-frame histories of the Dakota people and expand narratives of their experiences.

Manito gizhigans (spirit little cedar tree)

A white cedar tree sacred to the Ojibwe and known as manito gizhigans (spirit little cedar tree) on Grand Portage Bay, ca. 1965.

Dedication of Grand Portage National Historic Site

Assistant Secretary of the Interior Dale Doty, Mrs. Dale Doty, Ed Wilson, R. F. Lee, and Mike Flatte (seated) at Grand Portage’s national historic site dedication. Photograph by Abbie Rowe, August 9, 1951.

Civilian Conservation Corps workers at Grand Portage

Members of the Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa during the reconstruction of the stockade at Grand Portage. The men worked on behalf of the Indian Civilian Conservation Corps. Photograph by Willoughby M. Babcock, September 7, 1937.

Group of Ojibwe in front of a wigwam at Grand Portage

Group of Ojibwe in front of a wigwam at Grand Portage. Photograph by George A. Newton, ca. 1905.

Group of Ojibwe at Grand Portage

Group of Ojibwe, including Mike Flatte, at Grand Portage, ca. 1885.

Dakota, Ho-Chunk, and French Indigenous Communities Between St. Paul and Prairie du Chien, ca. 1300–1865

The stretch of land between present-day St. Paul, Minnesota, and Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, served as a highway for Native and mixed-ancestry (metis) fur traders—especially those with French heritage or kinship ties—during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Building on Native trade networks, they created new communities, adapted to cultural change, and contributed to Minnesota’s recognition as a state in 1858.

Treaty council at Prairie du Chien

View of the 1825 treaty council held at Prairie du Chien. Lithograph based on a painting by J. O. Lewis and printed by Lehman & Duval. Wisconsin Historical Society image #3142. Used with the permission of the Wisconsin Historical Society. Text below the image reads, “View of the Great Treaty Field at Prairie Du Chien, September 1825, at which upwards of 5,000 Indian Warriors of the Chippeawys, Sioux, Sacs & Foxes, WInnebagoes, Pottowattomies, Menomonies, Ioways and Ottawas tribes were present. Gov. Lewis Cass of Michigan and William Clark of Missouri, commissioners on the part of the United State. Painted on the spot by J. O. Lewis.”

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