St. Olaf College’s windmill. Photograph by David Gonnerman, 2007

Detail of a map of Lake Superior and its border lakes showing the location of Grand Portage. From Bruce White’s “Grand Portage as a Trading Post: Patterns of Trade at ‘The Great Carrying Place,’” a report prepared for the National Park Service (2005).

A white cedar tree sacred to the Ojibwe and known as manito gizhigans (spirit little cedar tree) on Grand Portage Bay, ca. 1965.

Assistant Secretary of the Interior Dale Doty, Mrs. Dale Doty, Ed Wilson, R. F. Lee, and Mike Flatte (seated) at Grand Portage’s national historic site dedication. Photograph by Abbie Rowe, August 9, 1951.

Grand Portage Bay, ca. 1920. Photograph by Gallagher Studio.

Bird’s-eye view of the reconstructed Grand Lodge on Grand Portage Bay, ca. 2010s. Photograph by the National Park Service.

Map by Charles C. Royce titled “Indian Land Cessions in the United States, 1784–1894.” Public domain.

Map showing land cessions made by Native Americans in the present-day state of Minnesota between 1784 and 1894.

Detail of a map of land claimed by France for King Louis XV and the route of the Mississippi River (Carte de la Louisiane et du cours du Mississippi), 1718. Map by Guillaume de L'Isle, published by Chez l'Auteur. The map shows three French fur trading forts, labeled “Vieux forts,” just below the label “Saut de S. Antoine” (S.t Anthony Falls, Minneapolis). Two of them were likely trading posts built by Le Sueur (1695 and 1700). The third remains a mystery. Ten years later a fourth fort would be built at the site of Frontenac. The Root River is listed as “R. aux Ecors.” The Prairie du Chien area is at the mouth of the Wisconsin River, listed as “Ouisconsing R.” From this river to the west is the “Chemin des Voyageurs”—the Voyageurs’ Trail—ending at a large “Aiaouez” (Ioway; Bahkhoje) village whose residents traded buffalo products and pipestone with Europeans. From the maps collection of the MInnesota Historical Society, St. Paul (G3700 1718 .L5 Reserve 4F).