Iŋyaŋ Tiyopa (Stone Door), a natural limestone arch in Frontenac State Park sacred to Dakota and Meskwaki people. Photograph by Wikimedia Commons user McGhiever, October 3, 2012. CC BY-SA 3.0.

The American Indian Center in Minneapolis (1530 Franklin Avenue East), 1980.

Photo by Earl Seubert taken in Minneapolis on July 1, 1981—the same day that 9,000 Minnesotans lost their eligibility for General Assistance (GA). A similar version of the image was published without an accompanying article in the Minneapolis Tribune on July 2, 1981, 6B. Original caption: “Indians Hold ‘Housing Reality Day’ rally: About seventy-five Indians marched from the Little Earth of United Tribes housing project, 25th St. and Cedar Av. S., to the Hennepin County Government Center Wednesday to protest housing conditions in Minneapolis. The protesters claimed there was a lack of affordable housing in the city and called on city officials to support rent control, a moratorium on condominium conversion, an end to discrimination in renting to families with children and funding for independent tenants’ organizations.” From box 474 of the Minneapolis and St. Paul newspaper negatives collection, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul.

“Maang Doodem / Loon Clan.” Acrylic and ink painting by Sam Zimmerman (Zhaawanoogiizhik), January 2020. Used with the permission of Sam Zimmerman. Featured in Following My Spirit Home: A Collection of Paintings and Stories (Minnesota Historical Society, 2022), 42–43. Zimmerman writes in that book, “I envisioned a maang family swimming along the shore. He is breaking the surface to answer his mate’s call, his mate carrying their young chick on his back. I went with softer brush strokes for the sky to capture a more calm and peaceful scene.”

A diagram of the seven Anishinaabe doodem (clans) featuring the maang (loon) at the top.

Ona Kingbird teaching Anishinaabemowin (the Ojibwe language) to students at the Heart of the Earth Survival School, November 28, 1972. From the Minneapolis and St. Paul newspaper negatives collection, Minnesota Historical Society.

After the occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, Dennis Banks (at microphone) and other AIM leaders hold a news conference with US Senator Walter Mondale (right) on May 21, 1971. From the Minneapolis and St Paul newspaper negatives collection, Minnesota Historical Society.

On May 17, 1971, AIM activists scaled a fence to begin their occupation of the Twin Cities Naval Air Station. From the Minneapolis and St Paul newspaper negatives collection, Minnesota Historical Society.

Sarah Bad Heart Bull (center, wearing glasses) confronts law enforcement officers on the steps of the courthouse in Custer, South Dakota, 1973. From box 3 (152.B.11.3B) of Wounded Knee Legal Defense / Offense Committee records, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul.

Dennis Banks (left), Russell Means (center), and David Hill (right) inside the courthouse in Custer, South Dakota, 1973. From box 3 (152.B.11.3B) of Wounded Knee Legal Defense / Offense Committee records, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul.