Pajutazee (Yellow Medicine) Mission church members gathered in front of Thomas Williamson’s home, August 1862. Williamson is visible fourth from the left, wearing the hat.

Map of American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) missions among the Dakota in Minnesota. The Lac qui Parle Mission is the farthest west, along the Minnesota River. From Linda M. Clemmons, Conflicted Mission: Faith, Disputes, and Deception on the Dakota Frontier (St Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press), 37.

Anpetutokeca (Other Day) also known as John Otherday, ca. 1862. Anpetutokeca was a Wahpetunwan Dakota man and a member of the congregation at the Lac qui Parle mission.

Simon Anawangmani, 1862. Anawangmani was the first Wahpetunwan Dakota man outside the Renville family to join the mission church at Lac qui Parle.

Fragment of a nineteenth-century slate board and pencils found at the site of the Lac qui Parle Mission in the 1940s. From the archaeology collection (PUID 293.3) of the Minnesota Historical Society.

The reconstructed Lac qui Parle Mission building, 2012. Photograph by Wikimedia Commons user McGhiever, September 3, 2012. CC BY-SA 3.0 DEED

Kevin DuPuis, chairman of the Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, speaks to Minnesota state senators on February 7, 2023, at the Minnesota Senate Building in St. Paul. State Senator Mary Kunesh (Standing Rock Sioux descendent, right), a Democrat from New Brighton, was the chief author of a bill to amend the Minnesota Indian Family Preservation Act (MIFPA). Photo by Michelle Griffith/Minnesota Reformer. Used with the permission of Michelle Griffith.

Patricia Staine (right) testifies before the Minnesota House of Representatives on February 14, 2023, during a hearing on a bill to amend the Minnesota Indian Family Preservation Act (MIFPA). Representative Alicia Kozlowski (DFL-Duluth) sits at left. Copyright Minnesota House of Representatives; photo by Catherine Davis. Used with the permission of House Public Information Services.

Minnesota Representative Heather Keeler (DFL-Moorhead, standing at right) speaks about MIFPA on the floor of the Minnesota House on March 9, 2023. Representatives Alicia Kozlowski (DFL-Duluth, standing at center) and Jamie Becker-Finn (DFL-Roseville, standing at left) listen. Photo by Michelle Griffith/Minnesota Reformer. Used with the permission of Michelle Griffith.