Detail of a map of land claimed by France for King Louis XV and the route of the Mississippi River (Carte de la Louisiane et du cours du Mississippi), 1718. Map by Guillaume de L'Isle, published by Chez l'Auteur. The map shows three French fur trading forts, labeled “Vieux forts,” just below the label “Saut de S. Antoine” (S.t Anthony Falls, Minneapolis). Two of them were likely trading posts built by Le Sueur (1695 and 1700). The third remains a mystery. Ten years later a fourth fort would be built at the site of Frontenac. The Root River is listed as “R. aux Ecors.” The Prairie du Chien area is at the mouth of the Wisconsin River, listed as “Ouisconsing R.” From this river to the west is the “Chemin des Voyageurs”—the Voyageurs’ Trail—ending at a large “Aiaouez” (Ioway; Bahkhoje) village whose residents traded buffalo products and pipestone with Europeans. From the maps collection of the MInnesota Historical Society, St. Paul (G3700 1718 .L5 Reserve 4F).

Thomas D. Schall and his wife, Margaret, in Washington, DC, 1915. Photograph by Harris & Ewing, Prints & Photographs Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC (call number LC-H261-6661 [P&P]). No known publication or use restrictions.

The last Thomas D. Schall family home, 4236 Queen Avenue South, Minneapolis, ca. 1937.

Einar Hoidale campaigning against Thomas D. Schall. Printed in the St. Paul Daily News, ca. 1930.

Thomas D. Schall with a German shepherd, possibly Lux, and a woman seated in front of a Columbia microphone, 1930. Photograph by Harris & Ewing, Prints & Photographs Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC (call number LC-H2- B-3841 [P&P]). No known publication or use restrictions.

Future US Senator (and political opponent of Thomas D. Schall) Magnus Johnson, 1920.

Thomas D. Schall with his wife, Margaret, and son, 1924.

Thomas D. Schall, 1924.

Thomas D. Schall at twenty-seven, ca. 1905.

Thomas D. Schall, ca. 1920s. US Senate Historical Office.