Ojibwe children at their home near the head of Pelican Lake (outside the Nett Lake Reservation), 1918.

Wigwam on Nett Lake Reservation of Ojibwe, 1918.

A souvenir totem pole, created ca. 1970, with a depiction of the Hamm’s bear. This piece is a good example of Hamm’s Brewing Company’s use of generic and often inaccurate Indigenous iconography in its advertising. Although this object was made by an Ojibwe family, totem-pole carving is not an Anishinaabe tradition; the art form is practiced by Indigenous groups on the West Coast of the United States and Canada, including the Haida, the Tlingit, and the Nuxalk.

For six days beginning November 7, 1862, about 1,700 Dakota people—mostly women and children—who had surrendered but had not been sentenced to death or prison, were removed from the Lower Sioux Agency to a concentration camp along the river below Fort Snelling. Posted to YouTube by the Minnesota Historical Society, May 6, 2013.

Dakota elder Vernell Wabasha talks about the Jeffers Petroglyphs site. Posted to YouTube by the Minnesota Historical Society on April 23, 2009.

American Indian Movement (AIM) button recognizing the eighty-three years between the massacre of Lakota people by the US government at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, and the occupation of the same site by AIM members in 1973.

American Indian Movement (AIM) members honor those who died in the Wounded Knee occupation with a gun salute. Photograph by Jon Lurie, 1998. Used with the permission of Jon Lurie.

AIM members gather at Wounded Knee to commemorate the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Wounded Knee occupation (1973) in South Dakota. Photograph by Jon Lurie, 1998. Used with the permission of Jon Lurie.

An American Indian Movement (AIM) flag flies at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, 1998. AIM members adopted the upside-down US flag, a signal of distress, as a symbol of their movement. Photograph by Jon Lurie, 1998. Used with the permission of Jon Lurie.