Black Lives Matter signs erected to protest the shooting of Jamar Clark on Plymouth Avenue in Near North Minneapolis (Fourth Precinct), November 2015. Photo by Rebecca Wright Gillette.

Police standing near a building on Plymouth Avenue in Near North Minneapolis during an episode of civil unrest in the neighborhood, ca. 1967. Photo by Twiggs.

Minneapolis residents discuss policing and community relations at one of Inter-Race’s group forums, 1991. From the organizational records of the INTER-RACE Institute 1986–2001 (box 123.F.10.4F), Manuscripts Collection, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul.

Minneapolis residents discuss policing and community relations at one of Inter-Race’s group forums, 1991. From the organizational records of the INTER-RACE Institute 1986–2001 (box 1991 123.F.10.4F), Manuscripts Collection, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul.

St. Paul police officer Debbie Montgomery in uniform, 1975. Used with the permission of Debbie Montgomery.

University of Minnesota Homecoming display with Ku Klux Klan banner, ca. 1923.

Headline and text of an article (“Crowd of 500 See Cop Get Worst of Struggle for Gun”) published in the Northwestern Bulletin, an African American newspaper based in St. Paul, on June 24, 1922. Public domain.

James H. Burrell, 1890s.

St. Paul Police Deputy James S. Griffin sitting at his desk, ca. 1960s. From box 1 of the James S. Griffin papers (P1679), Manuscripts Collection, Minnesota Historical Society.

St. Paul Police Deputy James S. Griffin sitting at his desk, ca. 1960s. From box 1 of the James S. Griffin papers (P1679), Manuscripts Collection, Minnesota Historical Society.