Site of the Hays–Phelan cabin, between the later sites of Eagle Street Plaza and the Science Museum of Minnesota. In the background, the Civic Center Parking Ramp. Used with the permission of Gary Brueggemann, in whose book, Minnesota’s First Murder Mystery (Beaver’s Pond Press, 2013), the map originally appeared.

The only known image of Pierre Parrant, Phelan’s neighbor and first known European to reside in the future St. Paul, ca. 1840.

Benjamin and Genevieve Gervais, ca. 1875. They were Phelan’s nearest neighbors and the first to hear from him of Hays’s disappearance.

The village of St. Paul, 1844. Etching by Charles William Post.

The southeast corner of Pioneers and Soldiers Memorial Cemetery Cemetery, at the corner of East Lake Street and Twenty-first Avenue South in Minneapolis, 2016. Photographed by Paul Nelson.

A cleanup at Layman’s (later renamed Pioneers and Soldiers) Cemetery, 1925.

Martin Layman, one of the founders of Layman’s (later Pioneers and Soldiers) Cemetery, ca. 1875.

Indochinese Refugee Households in the Twin City Metro Area, December 1980. Scanned image is from, Public Welfare Department: Refugee Programs Office records, 1975–1986, State Archives Collection, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul.

Main Street, Motley, c.1915. The Motley Mercury reported of the earthquake that, “Bottles and glass jars were shaken so hard that they moved nearly to the edge of the shelves.”