Mount Zion Temple, St. Paul

In 1856, eight German-Jewish families in St. Paul founded the first Jewish congregation in Minnesota: Mount Zion Hebrew Association. By 2012, the organization had changed its name to Mount Zion Temple and had 1,000 members. The synagogue building on Summit Avenue in St. Paul was designed by in 1954 by internationally recognized architect Erich Mendelsohn.

Jews came to Minnesota as part of the first wave of Euro-American settlement in the late 1840s. Most of them, including the founders of Mount Zion, were born in Germany. They had lived in other parts of the United States before moving to St. Paul.

Before securing land for a main building, Mount Zion first purchased land for a cemetery. It was located at Erastus (now Front) and Sylvan (now Jackson) Streets. In 1889, bodies were moved to the current cemetery, at Payne and Larpenteur Avenues. The new congregation hired Kalman Lion of Cleveland to conduct worship services and carry out traditional Jewish rituals, such as circumcision and kosher butchery.

Mount Zion congregants met in rented rooms through the 1860s. Sermons alternated between German and English. By the 1870s, the congregation had begun to modify Old World religious rituals in favor of an "American-style" of Judaism focused on ethics and social justice.

Mount Zion's first permanent home was a modest wooden Gothic Revival building, completed in 1871 at at East Tenth Street and Minnesota Street. This was the heart of St. Paul's Lowertown retail district, where many members ran stores. Ten years later, a larger, brick, Moorish-style synagogue was built on the site. Leading non-Jewish citizens such as C. C. Washburn, Alexander Ramsey, and Henry Sibley were among contributors to the fundraising effort.

In 1878, Mount Zion officially joined the liberal Reform movement within Judaism. Some traditional religious practices, however, did continue at the synagogue through the late 1890s. In early 1882, when 200 impoverished refugees from Tsarist Russia arrived in St. Paul, the city's civic leaders turned to Mount Zion for help. Mount Zion's Ladies Hebrew Brotherhood Benevolent Society immediately came to the aid of their fellow Jews.

The arrival of the Russian refugees marked the beginning of a large wave of Jewish migration from Eastern Europe to St. Paul and beyond. The women of Mount Zion founded relief groups to make sure the poor Orthodox, Yiddish-speaking immigrants would thrive in the larger community. Two of those groups still exist: United Jewish Charities (now Jewish Family Service of St. Paul) was founded in 1890, and St. Paul's first settlement house, Neighborhood House, opened its doors in 1900. It was located on the West Side flats, where many of the immigrants settled.

By 1901, most Mount Zion members had moved away from Lowertown. A new temple location was selected at Holly and Avon, just off Summit. Architect Clarence H. Johnston designed the new building in the then-popular Beaux Arts style, and it was completed in 1904. The building was expanded twice. By the end of World War II, however, it was too small for the growing congregation. In response, Mount Zion bought land on Summit Avenue for a new synagogue, school, and parking lot. The parking lot was important, since many members needed to drive from their new homes in the Highland Park neighborhood and the suburb of Mendota Heights.

German-born Erich Mendelsohn was selected as the architect of Mount Zion's new building in 1951. His original design had to be scaled back for financial reasons, but construction began in fall 1952. Then, in 1953, Mendelsohn died suddenly. The new building was dedicated in December 1954. Over 5,000 visitors toured the architectural landmark in its first year. The building's 1996 renovation and expansion won a city historic preservation award in 2004.

The social movements of the 1970s and beyond were felt at Mount Zion. In 1977, senior rabbi Leigh Lerner conducted the first interfaith wedding in the Twin Cities, to the dismay of his fellow rabbis. In 1984, Stacy Offner was hired as assistant rabbi, making her the first woman rabbi in the Twin Cities. When it became public a few years later that she was gay, the congregation was divided. Some left to form a new congregation, Shir Tikvah, which then hired Offner as its rabbi.

Mount Zion celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2006.