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Hopperstad Stave Church Replica, Moorhead

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Color image of the Hopperstad Stave Church Replica, 2011. Photograph by Flickr user Steve Borsch.

Hopperstad Stave Church Replica, 2011. Photograph by Flickr user Steve Borsch.

Built between 1996 and 2001, the Hopperstad Stave Church Replica in Moorhead, Minnesota, stands as a testament to Norwegian culture and heritage in the Midwest. It serves as an educational tool in the local community and is operated by Clay County’s Historical and Cultural Society.

Conversion to Christianity in Norway occurred by royal decree at the end of the Viking Age. Despite the declaration, many Norwegians still practiced their traditional pagan religion, which had not required structures of worship but did recognize sacred sites. Those same sites were used to build new Christian churches that blended together old and new, pagan and Christian, in a unique style.

Scandinavian stave churches were built during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The name comes from the support pillars (staves) in their interiors. Structurally, stave churches combine a Catholic, medieval, basilica-style church and a traditional Scandinavian log building. Stylistically, dragons—pagan guards against evil—have their place next to religious art and crucifixes. Between 900 and 1000 stave churches were built in Norway.

As of 2017, twenty-eight stave churches remain in Norway. One of these is the Hopperstad Stave Church, which for nearly 900 years has stood on the outskirts of Vik. It was this church that Guy Paulson chose to replicate in the 1990s.

Gaylord “Guy” Paulson was born on June 23, 1937, in Haakon County, South Dakota, to Evelyn and Kristian Paulson. His paternal grandfather, Jens Paulson, emigrated from Norway with his family in 1904. The family made their living as farmers and practiced their Lutheran faith on the South Dakota prairie. Paulson married Beva Hill in 1960 and worked as a research scientist for the U.S. Department of Agriculture, based in Fargo, North Dakota. When Paulson retired in the mid-1990s, he went looking for a project.

Years earlier, Paulson had seen a replica stave church in his native South Dakota. The church inspired him, and an idea began to take shape—one that would use his twenty-plus years of woodcarving experience and pay homage to his heritage as the son of Norwegian immigrants. He would build his own replica. Paulson and Beva agreed that this was a way that they could give back to the Fargo-Moorhead community.

Paulson was not alone in his dream to build the church. Beva, his siblings, and other family members helped at all points during construction. Family friend Dale Ruff, an architect in Moorhead, donated the time of his architecture firm. Don Guida of Straight River Log Homes in Park Rapids agreed to build the main structure. The team took several trips to Norway to study the original building and look at plans and drawings made during its restoration in the 1880s.

It was decided in June of 1996 that the church would have a home at the Hjemkomst Center in Moorhead. The Center was already the home of the Hjemkomst Viking ship replica, which had sailed to Norway in 1982 and partially inspired the church project. After the decision, Paulson began the ornate carvings that would decorate the interior and exterior of the church, and pine trees were cut for materials. Construction on the main structure began in August 1997, with the first two staves being placed in October of that year.

The replica was built on-site and dedicated in 1998 when it was nearly complete. Visitors from Vik came for the ceremony bearing gifts. The replica was given to the City of Moorhead as a gift. The church was far from complete, however; Paulson took another three years to complete the ornamental carvings. In total, five and a half years went into the construction of the Hopperstad Stave Church Replica.

At seventy-two feet in height, the church is a full-scale replica of the original. There are eighteen staves, each standing twenty-seven feet tall. The main structure is made of pine from Minnesota, with the portal carving done in redwood; 24,000 Michigan cedar shingles adorn its roof. While modern construction methods and tools were used, Paulson did all the carvings by hand.

Since its dedication, the replica has been used for tours, weddings, and other community events. Owned by the City of Moorhead, the Hopperstad Stave Church is interpreted by the Historical and Cultural Society of Clay County.

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1910 United States Federal Census. “Jens Paulson.” Butte, Stanley, South Dakota. Page 7B, Enumeration District: 128, lines 84–93. May 25, 1910. Retrieved from Ancestry.com.

1940 United States Federal Census. “Chris Paulson.” Butte, Haakon, South Dakota. Page 1A-1B, Enumeration District: 28–4, lines 39-42. April 3, 1940. Retrieved from Ancesty.com.

Pates, Mikkel J., and Markus Krueger. The Hopperstad Stave Church Replica: Moorhead, Minnesota. Edited by Barbara Pates. Fargo, ND: Yellow-Brick Productions, 2008.

Roggenkamp, Walther, Adam Bittleston, and Dan Lindholm. Stave Churches in Norway: Dragon, Myth and Christianity in Old Norwegian Architecture. United Kingdom: Rudolf Steiner Press, 1980.

South Dakota Department of Health. South Dakota Marriage Index, 1950–2013. “Gaylord Paulson.” Retrieved from Ancestry.com.

Stavkirke: Replica of the Hopperstad Norwegian Stave Church, 1998. Hjemkomst Interpretive Center Archives, Moorhead.

Stenersen, Øivind, Ivar Libæk, James Anderson, Marthe Burgess, and Tone Svinningen. The History of Norway: From the Ice Age Until Today. Snarøya, Norway: Dinamo, 2007.

U.S. Public Records Index, 1950–1993, Volume 1. “Gaylord D. Paulson.” Provo, Utah. Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2010. Retrieved from Ancestry.com.

Related Images

Color image of the Hopperstad Stave Church Replica, 2011. Photograph by Flickr user Steve Borsch.
Color image of the Hopperstad Stave Church Replica, 2011. Photograph by Flickr user Steve Borsch.
The original Hopperstad Church in Norway, prior to restoration
The original Hopperstad Church in Norway, prior to restoration
Hopperstad Church (Norway) after restoration
Hopperstad Church (Norway) after restoration
Color image of the interior of the original Hopperstad Church in Vik, Norway, July 13, 2010.
Color image of the interior of the original Hopperstad Church in Vik, Norway, July 13, 2010.
Color image of the front façade of the Hopperstad Stave Church replica in Moorhead, Minnesota, 2009. Photographed by Flickr user Amy Meredith.
Color image of the front façade of the Hopperstad Stave Church replica in Moorhead, Minnesota, 2009. Photographed by Flickr user Amy Meredith.
Color image of the Hopperstad Stave Church replica’s exterior walkway, called a svalgang in Norwegian, April 2, 2017. Photographed by Kaci Johnson.
Color image of the Hopperstad Stave Church replica’s exterior walkway, called a svalgang in Norwegian, April 2, 2017. Photographed by Kaci Johnson.
Color image of the baldachin and the chancel inside the Hopperstad Stave Church replica, April 2, 2017. Photographed by Kaci Johnson.
Color image of the baldachin and the chancel inside the Hopperstad Stave Church replica, April 2, 2017. Photographed by Kaci Johnson.
Color image of the baldachin inside the Hopperstad Stave Church replica, April 2, 2017.
Color image of the baldachin inside the Hopperstad Stave Church replica, April 2, 2017.
Color image of the ceiling inside the Hopperstad Stave Church replica, April 2, 2017. Photographed by Kaci Johnson.
Color image of the ceiling inside the Hopperstad Stave Church replica, April 2, 2017. Photographed by Kaci Johnson.
Color image of the leper’s window and part of the choir screen separating the chancel from the nave inside the Hopperstad Stave Church replica, April 2, 2017. Photographed by Kaci Johnson.
Color image of the leper’s window and part of the choir screen separating the chancel from the nave inside the Hopperstad Stave Church replica, April 2, 2017. Photographed by Kaci Johnson.
Sample plan of a stave church layout, similar to the Hopperstad.
Sample plan of a stave church layout, similar to the Hopperstad.
Hopperstad Stave Church replica, summer
Hopperstad Stave Church replica, summer
Hopperstad Stave Church replica, winter
Hopperstad Stave Church replica, winter
Hopperstad Stave Church replica, side view
Hopperstad Stave Church replica, side view

Turning Point

In July 1996, the City of Moorhead agrees to let Guy Paulson build a replica of the Hopperstad Stave Church on the grounds of the Heritage Hjemkomst Interpretive Center in Moorhead, Minnesota.

Chronology

1015 C.E.

By the decree of King Olaf Haraldsson, Norway is declared a Christian nation and subjects are ordered to convert.

ca. 1140

The Hopperstad Stave Church is built along the Sognefjord in Norway, near the town of Vik. It is built in the Catholic medieval basilica style.

1537

Lutheranism is declared the official religion of Norway and Denmark by Kristian III. The Hopperstad church changes from a Catholic place of worship to a Lutheran one.

1880

Fortidsminneforeningen (the Society for the Preservation of Ancient Norwegian Monuments) acquires the Hopperstad church, which has fallen into disuse and disrepair.

1885

Architect Peter Blix restores the church to what he believes it originally looked like, using the Borgund stave church as a guide.

1937

Gaylord “Guy” Paulson is born on June 23rd in Haakon County, South Dakota.

ca. 1990

Paulson contemplates building a replica stave church after being inspired by The Chapel in the Hills in Rapid City, South Dakota.

1996

The City of Moorhead agrees to let Paulson build a replica on the grounds of the Heritage Hjemkomst Interpretive Center.

1997

Construction begins in August; the first staves are placed in October.

1998

Workers add finishing structural touches, such as the steeple and flagstone path to the replica.

1998

The dedication of the church occurs on June 27, 1998, and the church is gifted to the City of Moorhead.

1999

The portal carving is completed and installed in January.

2001

The baldachin, a worship canopy, is installed in June, completing the work on the replica.