Cooke, Marvel Jackson (1901-2000)

Marvel Cooke was a pioneering African American female journalist and political activist. Cooke's groundbreaking career was spent in a world where she was often the only female African American. Talking about her work for the white-owned newspaper, The Compass , she told biographer Kay Mills in 1988, ''there were no black workers there and no women."

Marvel Cooke was born in 1901, the first African American child to be born in the city of Mankato. Her father, Madison Jackson, was the son of a free Ohio farmer. A graduate of the Ohio State University Law School, Madison could not get a job as a lawyer because of racist hiring practices. He worked as a railroad porter. Marvel's mother, Amy Wood Jackson, was a teacher.

Marvel Cooke moved with her parents to Minneapolis in 1907. They were the first African American residents of the Prospect Park neighborhood. Marvel recalled public meetings and attempts to get her family to leave, but her parents refused. Over time the community grew to accept Marvel and her family.

Marvel was the first African American to ever attend the Sydney Pratt Elementary School in Prospect Park. Her sisters were the second and third. Marvel said in a 1989 interview, "It didn't bother me at all. I'm by nature, an outgoing person, and I had a lot of friends." Cooke majored in English at the University of Minnesota, where she was one of five African Americans who graduated in 1925. However, while at the University, Marvel felt her best friend throughout her childhood pretended not to know her, rather than explain the inter-racial friendship to her college boyfriend. It was then that Marvel decided, as she stated in an interview with the Washington Press Club years later "I am not going to live in Minneapolis; I won't stay there." She decided to move to Harlem, saying "It wasn't south, but it was black, and I decided I wanted to come to Harlem." She moved there in 1926, to work as an editorial assistant for W.E.B. DuBois at the NAACP publication, The Crisis.

In 1928, she became The Amsterdam News's first female reporter. Cooke helped organize the first union at a black-owned newspaper while working there. In 1931, she organized a successful eleven-week strike at the paper. Jailed twice for picketing, Cooke was quoted as saying, "the bosses are not necessarily in your corner, even if they are your own color."

Her political beliefs influenced her personal life as well. She once ended her engagement to fellow Minnesotan Roy Wilkins, a prominent civil rights activist. Cooke later told a biographer she did not marry Wilkins because he was politically more conservative than she was. She went on to wed world class sprinter and Olympic champion sailor Cecil Cooke in 1929.

Cooke's writing quickly made her a star in mainstream media. She got a job at The Compass, a white-owned newspaper. She was the only African American, and the only female reporter. Cooke won recognition for her undercover reporting on New York City domestic workers. She exposed "the horrible working conditions to which these women were subjected." In her article, "The Bronx Slave Market" Cooke stated, "I was part of the Bronx Slave Market long enough to experience all the viciousness and indignity of system which forces women to the streets in search of work."

In 1953, she left The Compass and was elected as New York Director of the Council of Arts, Science and Professions. In a 1989 interview, Cooke described both jobs as the happiest time of her life. During that period, Cooke decided to devote her life to political activism. She became a member of the Communist Party. In 1954, Joseph McCarthy forced her to testify twice before the United States Senate's Subcommittee on Investigations because of her political beliefs.

Senate investigation did not slow down her political career. Cooke worked as the national legal defense secretary for 1960s radical Angela Davis. She continued her political activism throughout her life, serving a national vice chairman of the American-Soviet Friendship Committee from 1990 to 1998.

Marvel Cooke died of leukemia on November 29, 2000, in Harlem, New York, at the age of 99. She spent the last two years of her life writing for the New World Review and helping to sponsor political events. Cooke's accomplishments and achievements in journalism, politics, and civil rights made her an important figure in each of those fields.